Preeclampsia and eclampsia are major obstetric emergencies that require prompt identification and intervention. Various theories have been developed regarding the pathophysiology of preeclampsia– eclampsia; hence, it is often referred to as the "disease of theories." Some currently accepted theories include: a) Gut and vaginal microbiota dysbiosis, which influences immune regulation, inflammation, and endothelial impairment, b) Altered extracellular matrix modifications, which are associated with gestational disorders such as preeclampsia, c) An imbalance between proangiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, d) DNA methylation changes, which significantly impact placental development and the progression of preeclampsia, as many methylation abnormalities are linked to placental function and preeclampsia. The definition of preeclampsia, according to the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP), is gestational hypertension accompanied by one or more of the following newonset conditions at ≥20 weeks’ gestation: proteinuria, other maternal end-organ dysfunction, including: neurological complications (e.g., eclampsia, altered mental status, blindness, stroke, clonus, severe headaches, or persistent visual scotomata), pulmonary edema, hematological complications (e.g., platelet count <150,000/μL, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hemolysis), acute kidney injury (e.g., creatinine ≥90 μmol/L or 1 mg/dL), liver involvement (e.g., elevated transaminases such as ALT or AST >40

IU/L), with or without right upper quadrant or epigastric pain, uteroplacental dysfunction, including: placental abruption, angiogenic imbalance, fetal growth restriction, abnormal

umbilical artery Doppler waveform analysis, intrauterine fetal death. Magnesium sulfate remains the first-line medication for preventing eclamptic seizures. The recommended dosage is a loading dose of 4–6 g IV over 15–20 minutes, followed by a maintenance dose of 1–2 g IV per hour. First-line antihypertensive agents include: Labetalol (β- blocker), Nifedipine (calcium channel blocker), Methyldopa (alpha-2 receptor agonist).